Confucius is the ancient Chinese philosopher whose Analects are central to Confucian education. In the story, his saying “Benevolent people first endure hardship and then obtain reward” (from Fan Chi’s question) is quoted by Su Shi to answer his father’s test. This reference underscores the importance of Confucian texts in Song dynasty examination training. Su Xun uses this quote to discipline his sons, and Su Shi’s correct recitation demonstrates his mastery. Confucius is not physically present but his teachings permeate the rigorous scholastic environment depicted.
